Ø Semester :- 4
Ø Roll no :- 11
Ø Enrolment No :- Pg14101021
Ø Year :- 2015-16
Ø Paper No :- 15
Ø Paper Name :- Mass Communication
and Media Studies
Ø Topic :- JOURNALISM
Ø Submitted to :- Department of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji
BhavnagarUniversity
v Introduction
When a word JOURNALISM comes to a anyone very
first difficulty arises that what is actually this term journalism means and
what it actually generate in human mind. In simple word can say that
Journalism means to provide news, to write reports and articles for newspapers,
magazines and that kind of simple stuff but is a general definition in simple
sense and words.
Journalism
is also as one of the parts of mass communication and media studies. Because
books, magazines, pamphlets and posters also need to be included in the label. Journalism
as one part of mass communication and media studies. Journalism is the practice
of investigation and reporting of events, issues and trends to a broad audience
in a timely fashion. Journalism also covers cultural aspects of society such as
arts and entertainment. The field includes editing, photojournalism and
documentary.
v Development of Journalism
Ø Words
‘Journal’ , ‘Journalism’, Journalist’ have their origin in the French word
‘journal’ meaning a book and it has its origin in turn in the Roman word ‘ diurnalis’
meaning daily.
Ø Around
130 B.C. in Rome there grew a practice of putting up two handwritten bulletins
in the main public square. These bulletins were known as ‘Acta Diurna’. This
was probably the first newspaper, dealing with events rather than views.
Ø Origin
of modern western style journalism may be traced back to the occasional news books
of 17th century England which offered short summaries of events which had no
headlines and large type letters were used.
Ø From
1720 onwards news and views were kept separate. Industrial Revolution brought
in so many profitable advertisements that news gradually began to be pushed
into the inside pages. Views were expressed more widely in pamphlets as
‘essays’ like those of Addision and Steele in ‘The Spectator’.
v Definitions of Journalism
Let us first
see, how some Dictionaries define JOURNALISM in words.
As per Merriam Webster Dictionary:
·
The activity or job of collecting, writing, and
editing news stories for
Newspapers,
magazines, television, or radio.
·
The collection and editing of news for
presentation through the media.
·
The public press.
·
An academic study concerned with the collection
and editing of news
or the management of a news medium.
·
Writing designed for publication in a newspaper
or magazine.
·
Writing characterized by a direct presentation
of facts or description of events without an attempt at interpretation.
·
Writing designed to appeal to current popular
taste or public interest.
As per Oxford Dictionary:
The
activity or profession of writing for newspapers or magazines or of broadcasting
news on radio or television.
So
after analyzing these much definitions we can come to first that point that
Media and Journalism is merely same things now days. These both words can use
as synonyms. The media that journalism uses vary diversely and include: content
published via newspapers and magazines (print), television and radio
(broadcast), and their digital media versions — news websites and applications.
It generally gives information about our society, surrounding and all other
things which are going around us in positive or negative manner.
Journalism
is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating and presenting news and
information. It
is also the product of these activities.
People
who write journalism are called Journalists. They might work at newspapers,
magazines, and website or for TV or radio stations.
v
Role of Journalism
As
modern journalism was just taking form, writer Walter Lippmann and American
philosopher john Dewey debated over the role of journalism in a democracy in
the 1920s and their differing philosophies still characterize a debate about
the role of journalism in society and the nation –state.
v
Freedom of press
As
far as freedom of press is concerned it should include the freedom to express
their ideas and feelings through press so it is very much important to give
freedom of speech to them. it also affects to the society. Because if the
freedom is given then and then information can be acquired otherwise it becomes
very hard to get information through media.
Ø
Motivating
Power of the society
Ø
Emphasising
education
Ø
Opinion
Builder
Ø
Generate
debate
Ø
Act as
people's mouth piece
Ø
The press
occupation is pivotal a position in the life of a nation and its people.
Ø Eradication of social evils
Ø Guardian of the rights and liberty of
people
With freedom of press we cannot overlook the
security of the individual being forgone, chaos in public life and disruption
of harmony among many social groups. If any news report causes the
aforementioned factors, the press should not allow it. Anything that disturbs
security and integrity of the nation, communal harmony, international
relationship, chaos in public life or interference in private life or matters
in relation to the contempt of the court is considered offense and legal action are provided.
Therefore there are media laws which
curtail press freedom. Anything that disturbs security and integrity of the
nation, communal harmony, and international relationship, decency in public
life or interference in private life or matters in relation to contempt of
court is considered as offense and legal actions are provided.
v Role of Press in Journalism
The
Press Council of India is a statutory body in India that governs the conduct of
the print media. It is one of the most important bodies that sustain democracy
as it has supreme power in regard to the media to ensure that freedom of speech
is maintained. However it is also empowered to hold hearings on receipt of
complaints and take suitable actions where appropriate. It may either warn or
censure the errant journalist on finding them guilty.
This council is
a statutory body consisting of 28 members representing owner of the newspaper,
news agencies, journalist, educationalists, and legal experts on various
subjects.
The
Press Council is a statutory, quasi-judicial body which acts as a watchdog of
the press. It adjudicates the complaints against and by the press for violation
of ethics and for violation of the freedom of the press respectively.
v
Journalism and the press
A
reliable news service is vital for Dutch society. But political, economic and
technological developments pose risks for the reliability and independence of
the news. Government policy is therefore aimed at supporting and protecting a
free and diverse press. The government has no say in the form and content of
newspapers, magazines and other products that roll off the printing press. The
press has traditionally been a private arena. There are no public newspapers.
Policy on journalism and the press consists of three
parts:
Ø
The government sets limited rules regarding
journalism and the press. Rules on media concentration, for example, prevent a
publisher‛s controlling too much of the market.
Ø
The government provides financial support to the
press through the independent Press Promotion Fund.
Ø
The government encourages self-regulation by the
press of journalistic practices.
v Function of Journalism
The
main function of journalism is to carry different kinds of advertisements that
help it to be financially viable and politically independent. It‛s other
function include reporting local, national and international news and offering
interpretation and opinions into a business venture, the fundamental function
remains to sell readers to advertisers. Besides it aims at educating and
entertaining its readers so that they can participate fully in the affairs of
the state and in the cultural affairs as well.
v
Types of journalism:
Journalism helps to explain the events
that impact our lives and is developed in a number of forms and styles uses
different techniques and writes for different purposes and audiences. So
Journalism can be categorized into several types as enlisted below.
Now let’s elucidate these
types in detail.
Ø Advocacy Journalism :
Advocacy
journalism deals with writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence
the opinions of the audience. It also describes the use of journalism techniques
to promote a specific political or social cause. Under this branch, journalists
are openly biased towards a particular entity while reporting events or happenings. The information they convey is
mostly one sided and tends to defend the specific entity. Most advocacy
journalists believe that in their profession, one is very likely to become
partial. As a constant follower of any story, it is difficult to stay detached.
You eventually will develop an opinion! So instead of trying to be indifferent,
one might as well report from his point of view.
Ø Broadcast
Journalism :
Journalism
which is the field of news and journals which are broadcast or in other words
we can say that it is published by electrical methods, instead of the older
methods such as printed newspapers and posters. Radio and television broadcasts
are designed to get the news out to a wide variety of people in language that
is much less formal than traditional print media.
Ø Investigative journalism:
Investigative
journalism can be defined a type of journalism that tries to discover
information of public interest that someone is trying to hide. it also includes
serious crimes, political corruption or corporate wrongdoing. an investigative
journalist may spend months or years researching and preparing a report.
Ø Tabloid
Journalism:
It is very much important type of journalism. Tabloid journalism
is a newspaper of small format giving the news is condensed form, usually with illustrated
often sensational material. so it puts more stress on crime stories, astrology,
gossip columns about the personal lives of celebrities and sports stars and
junk food news. And it is this sense of the word that led to some entertainment
news programs to be called tabloid television.
Ø Yellow
Journalism:
It is one of the most significant types of journalism which
highlights little or no legitimate well researched news and instead uses
eyecatching headlines to sell more newspapers. Yellow journalism is also known
as sensationalism and it is writing which emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumours.
Moreover, the term yellow journalism is used today as a
pejorative to decry any journalism that treats news in an unprofessional or
unethical fashion and Campbell (2001) defines yellow press newspapers as having
daily multicolumn front page headlines covering a variety of topics, such as
sports and scandal, using boldlayouts, heavy reliance or unnamed sources, and
unabashed self promotions. And the term was extensively used to describe
certain major New York City newspapers about 1900 as they battled for
circulation.
v The
Impact of Journalism in classroom
v
A Short
History of Newspapers and Magazines
The
emergence of the new media branch in the 17th century has to be seen in close
connection with the spread of the printing press from which the publishing
press derives its name. The first newspaper in England was printed in
1641.however; the word newspaper was not recorded until 1670.the first
successful daily newspaper was printed in Britain in 1702.The book is the
oldest medium while credit for the oldest mass medium goes to the newspaper and
magazine and newspapers were the first to reach a mass audience and becoming a
medium of democracy.
The first
newspaper in France was published in1631 called La Gazette (originally
published as Gazette de France).
La Gazette
|
French
|
1631
|
France
|
Gazeta da
Restauracao
|
Portugal
|
1641
|
Lisbon
|
Gazeta de
Madrid
|
Spanish
|
1661
|
Spain
|
William Bolts
established a printing press in Calcutta.
The
first newspaper in India was published by James Hicky in 1780 called Bengal
Gazette/GeneralCalcutta Adviser. The size of that fourpagenewspaper was
12"x8".Hickey too was against the Company Government and
publishedinternal news of the employees of the Company.In
November 1781, India Gazette was also introduced; AsHickey was against the
company government it affected a lot to him.
Madras Courier 1782
|
1782
|
Bombay Herald
|
1791
|
Bombay Courir
|
1792
|
East India passed regulations
|
1799
|
Bengal Gazette
|
1816
|
Gagging Act of 1847
|
1857
|
Vernacular Press Act
|
1876
|
Some popular and the world’s first magazines
Ø 1731
The first modern general interest magazine, The Gentleman's Magazine, is published in England as
entertainment with essays, stories,poems and political commentary.
Ø 1739
The Scots Magazine begins and today remains the oldest consumer magazine in
print.
Ø 1741
Benjamin Franklin intends to publish America's first magazine,General Magazine,
but is scooped when American Magazine comes out three days earlier.
Ø 1770
The first women's magazine, The Lady's Magazine,starts withliterary and fashion
content plus embroidery patterns.
Ø 1843
The Economist begins examining news, politics, business, science and the arts.
1857 The Atlantic magazine arrives.
v
Press council of India:
It is a statutory body consisting of 28
members representing owners of the newspapers, news agencies,
journalists, educationalists, legal experts and expats on various subjects.
Ø
Functions:
Ø This
body has the power to warn and stop and censor any editor’s or
Ø Journalist’s
work who flouts the standard of journalistic ethics and public texts.
Ø
Aims:
•PCI has been
established to preserve and improve freedom of press on one hand and on the
other hand to maintain and improve the standard of newspaper and new agencies.
The PCI takes care of the press codes and press ethics in the following manner:
• Freedom on
information
• Freedom of
access to information sources
• Objectivity,
truthfulness and interpretation of facts
• Responsibility
to public and it’s rights, interest and in relation to national, racial and
religious communities of the nation, the state and to maintain peace.
It
preserves the freedom of press and standards of print media. Its main
objectives are given below. Objective presentation on facts and events.
•
Free access to information
•
Right of information
v Indian News Agency
In Journalism, it is very much
significant about news agencies, whose single aim was to enrich the newspapers
with a wide variety of news events happening around the world. Earlier the
agencies were meant to provide the news items only to the newspapers but with
the passing of time, rapidly developing modern mediums such as radio,
television internet to adapt the services of news agencies.
K C Roy, anIndian journalist during the
early years of this century set up the first Indian news agency called The
Press News Bureau (PNB).on the other hand Nationalist News agency was set up in
1930s by S Sadanand known as FPI (Free Press of India).
Works Cited
(1)
Wikipedia contributors.
"Journalism." Wikipedia,
The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 17 Mar. 2016.
Web. 17 Mar. 2016.
